Tuesday, 23 January 2018

Smileband health topics


Shigellosis causes acute gastroenteritis. When severe, stools contain blood, mucus, and pus. While usually self-limiting to 4-7 days, severe dehydration can occur; especially in infants and the elderly. Asymptomatic infections can occur.
 
Arizona 5 year median: 444 cases
 
Transmission
Transmission can occur through contaminated food or water, by person-to-person transmission by the fecal-oral route or through exposure to feces by sexual contact.
Incubation period can range from 1 to 7 days.
Lab Tests & Specimen Info
Test*
Specimen
Culture
Stool
 Isolation Precautions
Enteric precautions should be followed for the duration of acute symptoms. 
Generally, no environmental measures are indicated for sporadic cases. For outbreaks, environmental cleaning may be necessary following EPA-approved cleaning materials and guidelines.
Prevention for Patients
  • Carefully wash hands with soap during key times such as before eating and after changing a diaper or helping to clean another person who has defecated.
  • If caring for a child in diapers who has shigellosis, promptly discard the soiled diapers in a lidded, lined garbage can, and wash hands and the child’s hands. Any leaks or spills of diaper contents should be cleaned up immediately.
  • Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or untreated swimming pools.
  • When traveling internationally, follow food and water precautions strictly and wash hands frequently.
  • Avoid sexual activity with those who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from diarrhea.
Public Health Actions
Public health will conduct case and contact investigation to determine the source, risk factors, and transmission settings.
Antibiotics are usually not necessary for Shigella infections but if treating, culture and test for antibiotic susceptibility. CDC has reported emerging strains of Shigella with quinolone resistance. 

Monday, 22 January 2018

Smileband health topics


A surgeon has revealed he is creating a bionic vagina made from the intestine of a pig. The artificial organ was developed with the animal's tissue alongside a patient's own stem cells.
The groundbreaking project is being led by Alexander Seifalian – the man who constructed the first synthetic trachea to be transplanted into a patient.
If could potentially transform the lives of women with disorders such a vaginal artesia, where the vagina is abnormally closed or absent or Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, in which the vagina does not fully develop. 
The treatment could also be applied to patients with vaginal cancer or injuries.
Professor Seifalian is carrying out the work at London-based NanoRegMed, which is one of several labs around the world working on the futuristic idea of growing custom-made organs in the lab. He extracted muscle and cells from a patient and joined them with the pig intestine, by feeding them nutrients that allowed the cells to grow and merge together.   
The next step will be to transplant the vagina scaffold into a human.
Professor Seifalian said: 'The construct will be taken from the operating theatre and inserted into the patient. Experimental stage
However, the surgeon admits that the scheme is at an 'experimental' stage – and he said it could take up to five years to be used in patients.
His work follows on from that of Dr Anthony Atala in the US.
His team successfully grown vaginas in a laboratory and implanted them into four teenage patients between 2005 and 2008.
They did not have their own developed vaginas and the artificial organs were created using their own tissue cells. 

Smileband health topics


A team in Germany has developed tiny robot suits that can help sperm become more mobile, solving one of the biggest causes of infertility in men. If the researchers can successfully replicate their lab results inside the human body, it could be a new option for couples struggling to conceive. These 'spermbots' are miniature metal helixes just large enough to completely wrap around the tail of a single sperm and help it along its way towards the egg. The bots are powered with the assistance of a magnetic field controlled by the scientists, though all of the experiments undertaken so far have been with bull sperm in the confines of a petri dish. Once the sperm has reached its target and become embedded in the egg, the metal casing can reverse direction to detach itself. Our results indicate that metal-coated polymer microhelices are suitable for this task due to potent, controllable, and non-harmful 3D motion behaviour," explains the report. 
"Despite the fact that there still remain some challenges on the way to achieve successful fertilisation with artificially motorised sperms, we believe that the potential of this novel approach toward assisted reproduction can be already put into perspective with the present work. 

Smileband health topics


Infant botulism is the infectious intestinal form of botulism that occurs among persons 12 months of age or less, which is caused by ingestion or other exposure to a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
Botulinum toxin causes weakness and loss of muscle tone. The illness often begins with constipation but is usually first noticed as difficulty feeding (sucking and swallowing), a weak and altered cry and diminished facial expressions. Signs of botulism may also be characterized as a “floppy baby” or floppy movements due to muscle weakness and descending paralysis. Other signs of infant botulism include excess drooling, drowsiness, drooping eyelids, and difficulty breathing.
Arizona usually sees 1 - 3 cases of infant botulism a year. Infant botulism is most often seen in infants less than 6 months of age and is associated with eating honey, home-canned vegetables and fruits, and corn syrup.
Arizona 5 year median: 2 cases
Transmission
Because C. botulinum forms spores, it can survive indefinitely under essentially any environmental condition.
Infant botulism occurs when a baby swallows the botulism spores and the spores grow to produce the toxin in the infant’s intestines. C. botulinum is not part of the patient’s normal, healthy bacteria that live in our bodies and will eventually stop being excreted in the infant’s feces.
Prevention for Patients
Infant botulism can be difficult to prevent because the bacteria that causes the disease is naturally found in soils and dust. The bacteria can be found inside homes on floors, carpet, and countertops, even after cleaning.
The only standard prevention measure for infant botulism is to avoid feeding honey to infants 12 months of age or less. Breastfeeding may slow the onset of illness if it develops.
Public Health Actions
CDC controls the distribution of botulinum antitoxin, which is stocked at U.S. Public Health Service Quarantine Stations throughout the country. Any healthcare provider considering antitoxin use must consult first with the Arizona Department of Health Services Infectious Disease Epidemiology staff after hours:
Public health will conduct an epidemiological investigation on a case or suspect case.

Sunday, 21 January 2018

Smileband general news


Shoppers watched on in horror as two men were stabbed at a busy mall in Luton. Grisly pictures show a trail of blood and a large knife lying on the floor of the shopping centre and Bedfordshire Police said the two men had been taken to hospital.
A video taken from inside The Mall appears to show screens erected around emergency services while they work on one of the victims.
The footage also shows dozens of horrified shoppers walking over the bloody footsteps. 
Both of the men's conditions are unknown. Officers were called to The Mall at around 2.30pm on Sunday afternoon and the shopping centre is cordoned off while the probe takes place. 
A police spokesman said: 'We were called to reports of two men with stab wounds in The Mall, Luton at around 2.30pm today. 
'A number of officers attended, along with the Ambulance service and two men were taken to hospital. 
'The Mall is currently closed while an investigation is ongoing. Anyone with any information, or anyone who was in the area at around 2.30pm and witnessed anything, is asked to call 101 quoting reference number 184 of 21 January.' 

Smileband general news


Hundreds of primary school children are being investigated by police for swapping naked selfies, figures reveal today. They are using smartphones, social networks and video games consoles to share explicit photos with classmates and strangers they meet online.
Almost 200 children under 12 have been branded ‘suspects’ by police in the past three years, according to figures obtained by the Daily Mail.
Police are now questioning whether all these children should remain on their databases or if officers should be investigating in the first place.
At least 5,000 children under 18 were quizzed by police for sending or receiving nude images between April 2014 and April 2017, the figures show. Taking, sending or possessing naked pictures of a child is a criminal offence, even if the child took the photo.
It means police are required by law to treat these youngsters as suspects, which risks criminalising a generation of pupils.
The name of every child caught swapping naked selfies is placed on a police database alongside the ‘crime’ they are alleged to have committed – potentially ruining their chances of employment as adults when they apply for certain jobs involving children.
Last year only 63 under-18s were actually charged with making, distributing or possessing indecent images under the Sexual Offences Act 2003.
Thousands of other investigations were dropped because they were classed as ‘experimental’ behaviour by the children.
Thames Valley Police investigated 642 children between 2014 and 2017, and Norfolk quizzed 575 youngsters. Some 432 were interrogated by West Mercia Police and 345 were investigated by Humberside. Some forces have seen a 16-fold increase in child suspects in only two years. Norfolk Constabulary investigated 408 children in 2016-17, compared to 25 two years earlier.
Derbyshire had 164 cases last year, up from eight in 2015. And the number of child suspects in Suffolk rose from 17 to 202 in two years. On one occasion a five-year-old was branded an ‘offender’ by Hertfordshire Police for taking an indecent image of another child. In Northamptonshire, a seven-year-old girl was investigated after she used an iPad to film herself naked before putting the video on YouTube.
Neither could be prosecuted because they were under ten, the age of criminal responsibility.
At least 31 children under ten have been questioned over nude pictures in the past three years. Two were aged only five. Over the same period, police investigated 38 children aged ten. More than 105 11-year-olds and 327 12-year-olds were quizzed.
Police also looked into allegations against 678 children of 13. On one occasion, a 13-year-old girl sent a boy a topless selfie to his Xbox console. Others used Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Skype to swap nude images.
The true figures are expected to be far higher because around half the 43 police forces in the UK declined to provide data.
Chief Constable Olivia Pinkney, the National Police Chiefs’ Council lead for children and young people, questioned whether many of the cases were worthy of police investigation.

Smileband general news


An elephant who appeared in Thai films and television adverts has crushed its owner to death at a zoo in the northern city of Chiang Mai.
The elephant, believed to be in musth - an aggressive state associated with a surge in testosterone - attacked his 54-year-old owner, Somsak Riengngen, crushing him to death with his trunk.
The accident occurred on Monday morning as the elephant was unchained, the South China Morning Post reports. The five-tonne elephant, named Ekasit, had one mahout, or handler, on his back and reportedly took a few steps before turning and attacking Somsak who was on the ground. 
“The elephant suddenly turned back and used his trunk to grab the victim. Then the elephant used his trunk to crush him,” Wuthichai Muangman, acting director of Chiang Mai Zoo, told the Post. 
Mr Wuthichai described Somsak as an “elephant expert”, but added that the elephant had been in musth when the accident happened. 
During musth, which often occurs during winter, male elephants can experience surges in testosterone that can send levels of the hormone up by 60 times the usual amount. The state of musth in male elephants has often been linked to the rutting season, however, any relationship with reproducing is far from clear, as female elephants’ reproductive cycle is not seasonally linked as the musth is. Also, bull elephants in musth have been known to attack females regardless of whether they are in heat or not.
Ekasit the elephant had appeared in television commercials as well as several foreign and Thai films.
He was being kept at the zoo in Chiang Mai as part of a contract that was due to expire in April. 
The zoo owner’s death has reignited the debate about captive wild animals in Thailand.
The country is infamous for offering tourists rides on elephants that are inadequately cared for. 
Out of 2,923 elephants documented as working in Asia’s tourism trade, 2,198 are in Thailand, notes the South China Morning Post. 

Smileband health topics


The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are generally mild to start with, but they get worse over time and start to interfere with daily life.
There are some common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, but it is important to remember that everyone is unique. Two people with Alzheimer's are unlikely to experience the condition in exactly the same way.
For most people with Alzheimer's, the earliest symptoms are memory lapses. In particular, they may have difficulty recalling recent events and learning new information. These symptoms occur because the early damage in Alzheimer's is usually to a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which has a central role in day-to-day memory. Memory for life events that happened a long time ago is often unaffected in the early stages of the disease.
Memory loss due to Alzheimer's disease increasingly interferes with daily life as the condition progresses. The person may:
  • lose items (eg keys, glasses) around the house
  • struggle to find the right word in a conversation or forget someone's name
  • forget about recent conversations or events
  • get lost in a familiar place or on a familiar journey
  • forget appointments or anniversaries.
Although memory difficulties are usually the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's, someone with the disease will also have – or go on to develop – problems with other aspects of thinking, reasoning, perception or communication. They might have difficulties with:
  • language – struggling to follow a conversation or repeating themselves
  • visuospatial problems judging distance or seeing objects in three dimensions; navigating stairs or parking the car become much harder
  • concentrating, planning or organising – difficulties making decisions, solving problems or carrying out a sequence of tasks (eg cooking a meal)
  • orientation – becoming confused or losing track of the day or date.
A person in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's will often have changes in their mood. They may become anxious, irritable or depressed. Many people become withdrawn and lose interest in activities and hobbies. As Alzheimer's progresses, problems with memory loss, communication, reasoning and orientation become more severe. The person will need more day-to-day support from those who care for them.
Some people start to believe things that are untrue (delusions) or – less often – see or hear things which are not really there (hallucinations).
Many people with Alzheimer's also develop behaviours that seem unusual or out of character. These include agitation (eg restlessness or pacing), calling out, repeating the same question, disturbed sleep patterns or reacting aggressively. Such behaviours can be distressing or challenging for the person and their carer. They may require separate treatment and management to memory problems.
In the later stages of Alzheimer's disease someone may become much less aware of what is happening around them. They may have difficulties eating or walking without help, and become increasingly frail. Eventually, the person will need help with all their daily activities.
How quickly Alzheimer's disease progresses, and the life expectancy of someone with it, vary greatly. On average, people with Alzheimer's disease live for eight to ten years after the first symptoms. However, this varies a lot, depending particularly on how old the person was when they first developed Alzheimer's.

Smileband general news


A thug was filmed hurling bricks at a police car, jumping on the roof and dancing on the car while his friend shouts 'Merry f****** Christmas off camera. Wearing a motorbike helmet to conceal his identity, the vandal threw missiles at the car windows. 
He throws another at the window but completely misses its target even though the assailant was standing only feet away. After one front window is shattered he climbs on the bonnet and repeatedly kicks the windscreen before climbing onto the roof and dancing on it.
He then attempts to rip sirens from the roof, but is too weak to pull them off.       
Footage of the barbaric act was posted on Instagram late last month and has been viewed nearly 120,000 times so far. It is believed that the incident took place and was shot in Birmingham, but West Midlands Police were unable to confirm if the car belonged to their fleet.    
Last year, film footage emerged of a masked assailant smashing up a police car while officers were paying tribute to the war dead at a Remembrance Sunday event in Brookvale Park. 
The thug laughs and uses a hammer to scratch, smash and mark the vehicle before fleeing on a moped and shouting about the police.
Both acts of  vandalism sparked a wave of revulsion on social media. 

Smileband general news


Poppi Worthington's father boasted he would sue police for £100,000 for wrongly accusing him of her murder, his former friends have claimed.  Paul Worthington, 49, sexually abused his daughter before she died in 2012, a coroner ruled last week.
Two of his former friends claim he told them: 'They think I murdered her but they've got nothing on me. There's no evidence and I'm going to sue them. I'll make £100,000. One ex-friend told the sun on Sunday’ He was always going on all the time about how much money he would get.'
Another added: 'All he seemed to be bothered about was money, not his daughter.'   
It comes as a petition calling for an independent review into the death of tragic 13-month-old Poppi reaches more than 30,000 signatures. 
Mr Worthington has avoided facing any criminal charges due to a series of farcical investigative and forensic blunders by Cumbria Police.
But the petition, which is using the hashtag #poppisvoice is calling for a review following the failure to prosecute her father.
Organisers set an initial target of 15,000 signatures but the figure was approaching 12,000 on Thursday night and reached 30,000 by Saturday.
The Crown Prosecution Service was on Wednesday reviewing the inquest report in case it offered enough fresh evidence to reopen their criminal probe into her death.
Already Poppi's local MP John Woodcock demanded a full public inquiry into Poppi's death and how the police case was so badly handled. Now Mr Woodcock has met Home Secretary Amber Rudd in her House of Commons office and been assured she will give his request her consideration.
Mr Woodcock, MP for Barrow-in-Furness, said: 'I am pleased that the home secretary took time to see me.
'She made clear she recognises the community is reeling over Poppi's death and the terrible failings that surround it.
'Mrs Rudd pledged to consider urgently what steps she can take in the light of (the inquest) verdict and asked me to work with her home office team to try to make any action she takes as effective as possible.
'Ministers always stress they cannot direct the Crown Prosecution Service who we are praying will look at the case in a fresh light following the coroner's verdict.
'But the home secretary can act to help restore confidence in our policing system which has been badly damaged by this terrible affair. 

Smileband News

Dear 222 News viewers, sponsored by smileband,  An 81-year-old former UK scout leader and school housemaster, Richard Burrows, has been sent...