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Severe heartburn and heart attack can be hard to tell apart. Understand how they typically differ, and learn when to get immediate help. You've just eaten a big meal and feel a burning sensation in your chest. Heartburn, right? Probably, but there's a chance the chest pain is caused by reduced blood flow to your heart (angina) or an actual heart attack.
How much do the symptoms of heartburn and heart attack overlap?
Heartburn, angina and heart attack may feel very much alike. Even experienced doctors can't always tell the difference from your medical history and a physical exam. That's why, if you go to the emergency room because of chest pain, you'll immediately have tests to rule out a heart attack.
What's the best thing to do if you have chest pain and you're not sure what's causing it?
If you have persistent chest pain and you aren't sure it's heartburn, call 911 or emergency medical help.
Call your doctor if you had an episode of unexplained chest pain that went away within a few hours and you did not seek medical attention. Both heartburn and a developing heart attack can cause symptoms that subside after a while. The pain doesn't have to last a long time to be a warning sign.
The former Wimbledon champion Jana Novotna has died from cancer aged 49. The Czech player, who won the 1998 singles title at SW19, lost her battle with the disease on Sunday, the WTA announced on its website on Monday morning.
A statement read: “It is with deep sadness that the WTA announces the passing on Sunday, November 19, of Jana Novotna. After a long battle with cancer, Jana died peacefully, surrounded by her family in her native Czech Republic, aged 49. She was known for her battling qualities, though, and overcame another final defeat in 1997, this time to Martina Hingis, to finally get her hands on the trophy in 1998, beating Nathalie Tauziat. That ended up being her only grand slam title in singles, though she was prolific in the doubles, winning 24 grand slams and ticking off the full set of Wimbledon, the French Open, the Australian Open and the US Open. Novotna also represented her country with success, claiming silver medals in the doubles at the 1988 and 1996 Olympics as well as a singles bronze in Atlanta. She was the world No1 ranked player in doubles in 1990 and got as high as No2 in singles in 1997. The former British No1 Jo Durie paid tribute to Novotna’s spirit on court. She said on Twitter: “Oh no how terrible sad. All thoughts to her family and friends. So glad Jana won Wimbledon. Such a fighter on court & a wicked sense of humour.”
The former American doubles player Pam Shriver added: “Jana was as kind as she was athletic, as smart as she was competitive. I can’t believe she is gone this soon. Her smile lives forever young.”
The former British player Andrew Castle, now a commentator for the BBC, said: “What a terrible shame. She was good fun of an evening, a champion on court, so tough to play against. And her smile was wonderful.
Hepatitis H will undoubtedly be the name given to the next hepatitis virus to be isolated. Scientists are at a loss and are trying to understand why 10-15% of chronic hepatitis patients do not fit into any of the other hepatitis virus categories. So this may be a category waiting for a virus to claim it. There is evidence, however, of another hepatitis virus that has been temporarily labeled “non-A,non-E”. A patent is in progress for it to be called S.E.N.-V.
Safer sex means using a latex or polyurethane barrier for all forms of sex.
Having a conversation about sexual health with your partner is key, but not everyone with STDs knows they’re infected.
When using condoms and other barriers for safer sex, follow the instructions on the box.
Key points
Safer sex means using a latex or polyurethane barrier for all forms of sex.
Having a conversation about sexual health with your partner is key, but not everyone with STDs knows they’re infected.
When using condoms and other barriers for safer sex, follow the instructions on the box.
A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an infection that’s spread during sexual contact with another person. This includes touching, since some STDs can be spread from skin-to-skin contact.
In general, STDs are highly preventable. Almost 20 million new STDs are diagnosed each year in the United States, according to the centres for disease control and prevention (CDC). However, a large number of those infections could be avoided if people made different decisions about their sexual health.
The only guaranteed method to prevent STDs is to abstain from all sexual contact. However, most people don’t find this to be a practical solution. When engaging in sexual activity, there are steps people can take to limit their risk of STDs.
Plague is an infectious disease caused by bacteria usually found in small mammals and their fleas.
It has an extremely high fatality rate and is very infectious, although it can be treated by antibiotics if it's caught early.
There are three forms of plague infection: pneumoic plague, septicaemic plague and bubonic plague, the most common form.
Bubonic plague was known as the Black Death in medieval Europe, where an outbreak brought entire civilisations to their knees and decimated the world's population.
Black Death is spread through the bite of infected fleas, whereas pneumonic plague, the most contagious form, develops after a bubonic infection.
Pneumonic infections can then be spread through the air, while septicaemic plague occurs when infection spreads through the bloodstream. The Black Death, a widespread bubonic plague infection, peaked in Europe between 1346 and 1353.
It was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, leaving an estimated 75 - 200 million people dead in Eurasia.
This fatality rate represents a staggering 30-60 per cent of the European population at the time.
After the plague, society experienced a series of marked changes, including a rise in religious fanaticism.
Lacking the medical knowledge to understand the pandemic, some groups blamed Jews and lepers for the outbreak - resulting in mass killings throughout Europe.
It took around 300 years for global populations to return to pre-plague levels after the outbreak. The three different types of plague all refer to different ways the disease can be spread.
In bubonic infections, plague-causing bacteria can be transmitted between animals and fleas, with infected fleas then passing the disease on to people through bites.
Infected people may then develop pneumonic plague once their bubonic infection becomes advanced.
Lung-based pneumonic plague can then sometimes be transmitted through the air between sufferers.
Following a pneumonic or bubonic infection, people can then develop septicaemic plague, which occurs when the infection spreads through the bloodstream. The Great Plague of London struck the city in 1665 and lasted well into 1666 and was the last major outbreak to hit England.
Across Europe, the plague was endemic in major cities, periodically erupting in pockets across the continent for centuries.
But the outbreak of 1665 was of a proportion far greater than had been seen for some time.
It is not known where the plague that hit London originated from but it is thought most likely to have come across on a Dutch ship.
While deaths began in late 1664 they struck in earnest at the start of 1665 and were rampant by the summer, causing the King to flee the city in July.
At its height the disease was claiming 7,000 lives a week, according to conservative measurements.
The outbreak did not fully come to an end until September 1666, coincidentally as the city was struck by another tragedy, The Great Fire.
Some believed that this is what caused the end to the plague but others argue that it had already virtually died out by the time it struck.
First introduced to the UK by Amazon, now a range of retailers such as Tesco, Argos and John Lewis discount prices.
The term first began in the US, where Black Friday follows Thanksgiving on the last Thursday of November.
There are plenty of rumours circulating online about how the day of sales first got its name - but which one is true?
Black slaves were sold at a discount. Toni Braxton posted the pictures to her Facebook page, along with the accompanying caption which claims that "slave traders would sell slaves for a discount to assist plantation owners" when they needed extra help to prepare for winter.
The first documented use of the phrase comes a long time after the slave trade was abolished in the US and so it makes it unlikely that the term originated then.
It hasn't stopped people, especially in the US, to call for a boycott of Black Friday, with some citing the recent protests over the Michael Brown shooting as reason not to take part. Yes, it is true that both in the UK and the US retailers rely on the Christmas season to make much of their yearly profits - and there are plenty of queues on the high street and waits to access online stores.
In 2012, shoppers in the US spent an estimated $59.1bn (£37.6bn) on Black Friday, according to the National Retail Federation.
But because of the deep discounts offered, it isn't clear how much of that is profit and there is no evidence to suggest this is the day where they go "into the black".
Most retailers in the UK have managed to make the sales to keep in business in all the years preceding the introduction of Black Friday.
Black Friday is a bad day for employers because everyone calls in sick to go shopping.
We tested HGV RNA in serum in addition to HBV DNA and HCV RNA to study the causative agents involved in chronic non-B, non-C hepatitis. Twenty five patients diagnosed as having chronic non-B, non-C hepatitis(negative for HBsAg and HCV-Ab), were investigated in this study. HGV RNA was detected by nested RT-PCR using primers in 5′-untranslated, NS3 and NS5 regions. Of the 25 patients, 4(16%) were positive for HGV RNA, only 1(4%) was positive for HBV DNA and none were positive for HCV RNA. Of the 4 patients with HGV RNA, 2 histologically has mild fibrosis and the remaining 2 had cirrhosis. One patient with cirrhosis also had hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV DNA was positive in this patient. All 3 patients with only the HGV infection had a mild histological grade. In conclusion, HGV infection was involved in 16% of Japanese patients with chronic non-B, non-C hepatitis. Chronic Hepatitis G seemed to exhibit mild hepatitis activity.
Abstract
Background—The hepatitis G virus (HGV), a recently identified member of the Flaviviridae family, can cause chronic infection in man but the role of this agent in chronic liver disease is poorly understood.
Aims—To evaluate the prevalence and meaning of HGV infection in a large series of patients with chronic liver disease.
Subjects—Two hundred volunteer blood donors, 179 patients with chronic hepatitis C, 111 with chronic hepatitis B, 104 with alcoholic liver disease, 136 with hepatocellular carcinoma, and 24 with cryptogenic chronic liver disease were studied.
Methods—HGV RNA was investigated in serum samples by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 5′ non-coding region of HCV and hybridisation to a specific probe. The main features of HGV RNA seropositive and seronegative patients were compared.
Results—The prevalence of HGV infection was 3% in blood donors, 7% in chronic hepatitis C, 8% in chronic hepatitis B, 2% in alcoholic liver disease, 4% in hepatocellular carcinoma, and 8% in cryptogenic chronic liver disease. HGV infected patients tended to be younger than non-infected patients but no differences concerning sex, possible source of infection, clinical manifestations, biochemical and virological parameters, or severity of liver lesions were found.
Conclusions—The prevalence of HGV infection in chronic liver disease seems to be relatively low in our area. Infection with HGV does not seem to play a significant pathogenic role in patients with chronic liver disease related to chronic HBV or HCV infection or to increased alcohol consumption, or in those with cryptogenic chronic liver disease.
President Donald trump said Friday he will uphold a ban on importing trophies of elephants hunted and killed in Zimbabwe, pending further review, reversing his own administration's decision from just a day earlier after a public outcry.
'Put big game trophy decision on hold until such time as I review all conservation facts. Under study for years. Will update soon with Secretary Zinke. Thank you!' Trump tweeted.
Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke said the pair came to the decision after they 'talked and both believe that conservation and healthy herds are critical. Just hours before, Trump's spokeswoman Sarah Sanders had defended the US Fish and Wildlife Service's move to end the 2014 ban initiated under Trump's predecessor Barack Obama.
The service said Thursday that it would begin issuing permits to import 'sport-hunted trophies from elephants hunted in Zimbabwe' between January 21, 2016 and December 31, 2018.
Zambia would also have been covered under the revised rule.
The move was met with a barrage of criticism from animal rights groups and activists. It also came on the same day that the US State Department presented to Congress its first annual report on wildlife trafficking which, it said, 'remains a serious transnational crime.'
French screen legend and animal rights activist Brigitte Bardot added her voice to the growing chorus of criticism, slamming Trump as 'unfit for office' after his administration's 'shameful actions.'
'No despot in the world can take responsibility for killing off an age-old species that is part of the world heritage of humanity,' Bardot said in a letter to Trump, released through Fondation Brigitte Bardot. The move is 'a cruel decision backed by Zimbabwe's crazy dictator and it confirms the sick and deadly power you assert over the entire plant and animal kingdom,' the 83-year-old actress added.
'Your shameful actions confirm the rumors that you are unfit for office.'
According to the Great Elephant Census project, African Savanna elephant populations fell by 30 percent between 2007 and 2014, while Zimbabwe saw a drop of six percent.
Despite an overall fall in poaching, Africa's elephant population has declined in part because of continued illegal killing, said a report this year by CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
African ivory, in particular, is highly sought in China where it is a status symbol.
A provision in the Endangered Species Act says the import of such trophies can be legal if accompanied by proof that the hunting benefits broader conservation of the species.
Trump's sons are known to have a passion for hunting.
In one widely shared photograph, Donald Trump Jr poses with a knife in one hand and an elephant tail in the other, the animal's corpse beside him.
